Question 1

Discuss “dependence as a nuisance”.

Example Answer

Student motivation level depends on teacher experience. Hypothesis teacher perform well in the classroom, the teacher know how to tackle the student; it may increase student motivation level.

So if to examine student motivation level in the classroom, i’ll pick up a classroom and sample randomly student in the classroom; assume that the sample i pick up is independent sample. They are independent from one and another.

In actual scenario, this is not independent. Because the student pick up is from the same classroom and only have 1 teacher, and only 1 feature which is experience.

This entire student sample already depend to the teacher. How can the student in the classroom be still independent? The dependent is nuisance. Collection of independent variable relate to dependent variable.

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Question 2

Discuss “dependence as an interesting phenomenon”.

Example Answer

Dependence as interesting phenomenon shows the relationship between individual level effects and group level effects. For example, student academic performance not only by their personal characteristics but also by the school.

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Question 3

Under what conditions that, multilevel model should be imposed instead of multiple linear regression?

Best answer among student

A multilevel model should be used instead of multiple linear regression when the data has a hierarchical or nested structure, such as students within schools or repeated measures from individuals. It is particularly useful when there is significant variability both within and between groups, and when residuals are correlated within groups. Multilevel models are also advantageous when exploring interactions between predictors at different levels or when handling unbalanced data with varying numbers of observations across groups. Additionally, they allow for varying slopes and intercepts across different levels, capturing relationships that differ between groups.

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Question 4

For each of the following, draw an appropriate multilevel model:

1. Ideas from employees increase the profit of the firm
2. Quality of a national leader improve the standard of the living of a nation, given the educational level of the people.
3. A good managing director of a firm gets his employees highly motivated, eventually the firm listed in stock market.

Best answer among student

1. The firm’s profit depends on the ideas provided by employees. However, this relationship can be influenced by other contextual factors, such as the department or the firm’s motivation and culture. Hence, there is a hierarchical structure.

Level 1 (Employee level):
• Variable: Employee ideas
• Employees’ innovative suggestions and contributions to the firm’s growth.

Level 2 (Firm level):
• Variable: Firm profile
• Overall firm profile or reputation and firm size as well.

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2. Level 1 (Individual/National Population level):
• Variable: Standard of living and education level
• Measures related to the quality of life (income, health, etc.).

Level 2 (National level):
• Variable: Quality of leadership
• Quality of the national leader and their structure or standard policies.
• The overall educational attainment of the population.

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3. Level 1 (Employee level):
• Variable: Employee motivation
• Motivation and willingness levels of individual employees.

Level 2 (Firm level):
• Variable: Firm listing status
• Whether the firm becomes listed on the stock market (binary outcome).
• Variable: Managing director’s quality
• Leadership style or effectiveness of the managing director.

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Question 5

Compare two stage sampling and simple random sampling.

Best answer among student

In SRS, each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. In two-stage sampling, you have primary units (clusters) and secondary units within each primary unit. For example, to select 10 students from a classroom of 40 students, using simple random sampling, 10 students can be picked randomly, while using two-stage sampling, student can be grouped into male and female groups 5 students are selected randomly from each gender group.

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